Optimal Energy Dispatch Strategies for Power Transmission Systems under Extreme Heat wave Conditions

Abstract

Extreme heat waves pose multifaceted challenges to power transmission systems by simultaneously elevating electricity demand through widespread air conditioning usage and degrading the operational capacity of generation assets, transmission lines, and associated infrastructure. Rising ambient temperatures increase conductor resistance, leading to higher line losses and thermal derating of overhead lines due to sag and reduced ampacity. Thermal power plants experience efficiency drops or forced outages from inadequate cooling water, while even renewables like solar panels suffer reduced output efficiency. These dynamics necessitate advanced optimal energy dispatch strategies that incorporate temperature-dependent constraints into real-time and day-ahead optimization frameworks. This research paper examines the physical impacts of heatwaves on transmission systems, formulates enhanced mathematical models for optimal power flow (OPF) and economic dispatch that account for dynamic line ratings and derated capacities, integrates demand response mechanisms and renewable resources for flexibility, and explores AI-driven and stochastic approaches for robust decision-making. Through detailed analysis, case studies from recent heatwave events, and proposed MILP-based formulations, the paper demonstrates how proactive dispatch strategies—emphasizing interregional coordination, energy storage, virtual power plants, and adaptive line ratings—can minimize operational costs, reduce outage risks, and enhance grid resilience. Findings underscore the urgency of climate-aware planning as heatwaves intensify under global warming, projecting increased outage frequencies and durations without targeted interventions.