Comparative Analysis of Traditional vs Biochar-Based Filtration in Industrial Catchments

Abstract

Industrial catchments generate stormwater runoff containing complex mixtures of pollutants, including heavy metals, nutrients, hydrocarbons, and suspended solids, which pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health. Traditional filtration systems, such as sand filters and sedimentation units, have been widely used for stormwater treatment but often exhibit limited efficiency in removing dissolved contaminants and emerging pollutants. In contrast, biochar-based filtration has gained attention as an advanced and sustainable alternative due to its high surface area, porosity, and adsorption capacity. This study presents a comparative analysis of traditional and biochar-based filtration systems in treating industrial stormwater runoff. Laboratory and pilot-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate removal efficiencies, hydraulic performance, and operational sustainability under varying pollutant loads. Results indicate that biochar-based systems outperform traditional filters, achieving higher removal rates for heavy metals, nutrients, and organic contaminants, often exceeding 80–90% efficiency. Additionally, biochar enhances microbial activity and supports long-term pollutant retention. However, considerations such as cost, regeneration, and system design remain critical for large-scale implementation. The findings highlight the potential of biochar-based filtration as a superior and environmentally sustainable solution for industrial stormwater management.