Industrial Runoff Treatment Using Engineered Biochar Composites: Performance and Optimization

Abstract

Industrial runoff is a major environmental concern due to its complex composition of heavy metals, organic pollutants, nutrients, and suspended solids. This study investigates the performance and optimization of engineered biochar composites for the effective treatment of industrial runoff. Biochar was modified through physical and chemical activation techniques to enhance its surface area, porosity, and functional group availability, thereby improving its adsorption capacity. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted using composite filtration systems under varying operational conditions, including different biochar compositions, hydraulic loading rates, and pollutant concentrations. The results demonstrate that engineered biochar composites significantly outperform unmodified biochar and conventional filtration media, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 90% for heavy metals and suspended solids, and substantial reductions in organic contaminants and nutrients. Optimization analysis revealed that composite structure, particle size, and flow conditions play a critical role in maximizing treatment efficiency. Furthermore, the composites exhibited good regeneration potential and long-term stability. This study highlights the potential of engineered biochar composites as a high-performance, sustainable solution for industrial runoff treatment and provides insights into system optimization for large-scale applications.