Fracture Toughness Enhancement in Graphene-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Abstract

Polymer composites are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and structural applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. However, their relatively low fracture toughness limits damage tolerance and long-term reliability. The incorporation of graphene as a nanoscale reinforcement has emerged as an effective strategy for improving fracture resistance. This article reviews the mechanisms, experimental findings, and modeling approaches related to fracture toughness enhancement in graphene-reinforced polymer composites. Emphasis is placed on crack-bridging, pull-out, crack deflection, and energy dissipation mechanisms introduced by graphene nanofillers.